Spatial mapping of photovoltage and light-induced displacement of on-chip coupled piezo/photodiodes by Kelvin probe force microscopy under modulated illumination

• Zeinab Eftekhari,
• Nasim Rezaei,
• Hidde Stokkel,
• Jian-Yao Zheng,
• Andrea Cerreta,
• Ilka Hermes,
• Minh Nguyen,
• Guus Rijnders and
• Rebecca Saive

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1059–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.87

• ); time-dependent AFM; Introduction Light has been recognized as a versatile external energy source to actuate micro/nanorobots with outstanding merits of wireless, remote, and precise controllability [1][2][3][4]. Light-driven micro/nanorobots convert light into mechanical motion and are able to perform

• previously been developed and reported by our group [32]. In further investigations, we used time-dependent AFM to determine the voltage-induced displacement of solely piezoelectric membranes without the photodiode. This experiment was performed to probe the local electromechanical properties of the

• were measured twice during each rotation. Therefore, we took the average of the readout signals for each quadrant boundary. Lastly, all the acquired data for displacement and photovoltage of the four quadrants were stitched together and presented in color maps. Time-dependent AFM to measure voltage